UDP DNS is stateful in practice: recursive resolvers hold per-query client tables, delegation chain depth counters, DNSSEC validation state, and TCP connection pools for DoT/DoH. Each layer is exhaustible at different cost ratios. Water torture generates maximum valid NXDOMAIN workload at minimum bandwidth. NXNS amplification (CVE-2020-8616) forces resolver delegation storms via NS referrals. TsuNAME creates infinite cyclic delegation. NRDelegation combines both. Full BIND9/Unbound configuration hardening and rate-limiting defense included.

The ‘65536 port limit’ framing is wrong — Linux TCP capacity is governed by 4-tuple uniqueness (src_ip:src_port:dst_ip:dst_port) and ip_conntrack_max. TIME_WAIT exhaustion holds sockets in 2MSL timeout, consuming conntrack entries. Sockstress sets TCP window=0 to trigger infinite Persist Timer loops, stalling server state machines with minimal bandwidth. Slowloris-class variants do the same at L7. Full kernel parameter analysis: tcp_tw_reuse, tcp_fin_timeout, conntrack_max, and per-attack mitigation.

BYOVD loads a signed vulnerable driver, exploits it for arbitrary kernel R/W, and terminates EDR at Ring 0 — Windows-only, noisy at driver load time, requires admin. User-space injection (Phantom Evasion Loader) uses SROP frames via sys_rt_sigreturn to fire ptrace without a direct ptrace syscall sequence, writes payload in a single process_vm_writev call (syscall 311), redirects RIP into target process — implant runs inside cron’s address space with cron’s identity. Linux-only. Results: 0/65 VirusTotal static, SROP and process_vm_writev invisible to Hatching Triage behavioral sandbox, only ptrace attach entry detected.

MAX_LFS_FILESIZE only gates the superblock. A poisoned FUSE_GETATTR reply mutates i_size to UINT64_MAX at runtime. The (pos + count - 1) » PAGE_SHIFT arithmetic wraps unsigned, kworker loops become infinite, and vma_merge() degenerates into an arbitrary OOB-write on Maple Tree-backed kernels. Full mm/ subsystem analysis: filemap.c, mmap.c, XArray walk corruption primitives.

struct fuse_req holds inode references without bumping i_count. SIGKILL a stalled reader, trigger drop_caches inode eviction, delay fuse_abort_conn — the freed slab slot gets reallocated as struct cred. The race delivers a refcount double-decrement on whatever credential lands there: full DirtyCred-class LPE primitive. Complete race window analysis, SLUB reallocation timing, and RCU lifetime breakdown.

FUSE daemons control filesystem metadata returned to the kernel via vfs_getattr — including i_size. Setting i_size to an inflated value desynchronizes the kernel’s allocation (kmalloc based on reported size) from its ingestion (copy_from_user of actual bytes), creating a heap under-allocation. kernel_read_file() callers — finit_module(2), firmware loader, kexec_file_load(2) — are turned into kmalloc-4k SLUB slab overflow primitives. VFS trust inversion architecture, TOCTOU window analysis, and virtio-fs shared-memory attack surface covered.